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Introduction to the Mathematics of Poker
Let me get you a little bit into the math of poker. First of all, let’s consider its importance on a hand-to-hand basis. First of all, when you’re dealt a hand in poker, and it’s your turn to act, depending on the action that you got from the other players who acted before you, you have to make the decision either to raise, call or fold.
First of all, you consider your hand. Is it a strong hand that I could get all my money in pre-flop with and be profitable? Or do I have a drawing hand, like a suited connector? And what amount of big blinds can I call at most in this spot to be able to play my hand profitably on the river? Can I re-raise as a bluff and will this bring me profit in the long run?
If all the answers here are no, no and no then you’re going to fold. But are you sure you calculated it correctly? We’ll get into depth on these matters in this article.
Also, let’s say you hold a strong top pair and you’ve got to the river with it, and your opponent over-bet shoves. Do we have the right odds to call here? What is he representing here? And can we put him on a range? And after that can we call profitably? These questions will be answered also.
Pot Odds
I always go for percentages everywhere in poker, because I find it a lot easier to understand and also apply. The first thing I learned when I was starting out with poker, was pot odds, and I think they should be the foundation to every poker player’s knowledge.
To explain this as simple as do re mi, for you to be profitable, the breakeven equity that you need to make a call when you get bet into, is the amount that you have to put into the pot divided by the total pot size (including your bet – so the amount that you’re winning when you have the stronger holding).
Let’s first take an example:
You are playing poker against Phil Ivey, and he bets into you on the river. You’re currently holding AJ, and the board is A2742. Some guy told you that he could either have AT, AJ, AQ or AK, and you’re facing a 2/3 pot bet.Let’s face it, you’re behind. But what is the amount of hands that beats you relative to the size of the bet you have to call? Good question.
So you beat AT and get beat by AQ and AK, and split with AJ, which we shall discount because it’s 0 EV.
Obviously, the same number of combinations exist for AT, AQ and AK, so we win 1 time out of three!
1/3 = ~33%;
Our estimated equity is 33%, but are the pot odds low enough? If they are, it’s a sure call!
This is how you calculate:
You need to call 2/3 into a pot that will contain your 2/3 bet, the pot size which is 3/3 and the opponent’s bet which is also 2/3. That means that you have to call 2/3 to win a pot of 7/3, so your breakeven equity will be:
(2/3)/(7/3)*100(to display in percentage) = (2/7)*100 = 28%.
We know from the logic above that we have 33% equity, so we have greater equity than the pot odds, so even though we’re behind, we can still call here profitably!Here’s an easier example:
You have 1 dollar and you hate bluffing, but someone offers you the chance to crack his pocket AA’s with 72o and win 100 dollars if you do it. Assuming this is a legit deal, you only need to put in 1 dollar to win 100 so this is
(1/100)*100=1% breakeven frequency.
(1/100)*100=1% breakeven frequency.
Last time I checked Equilab, 72o has around 12% chance to crack aces, so it’s a sure call. I would take this deal every time I get the occasion. Here are some default pot odds that you should know by heart, because they will prove very useful when thinking about calling:
- 1/3 Pot – 20%
- 1/2 Pot – 25%
- 2/3 Pot – 28%
- 3/4 Pot – 30%
- 4/5 Pot – 31%
- Full Pot – 33%
- 1.5x Pot – 37%
- 2x Pot – 40%
Fold equity
If you’re the one who’s betting, there’s always a combination of your hand’s equity and your total fold equity involved. Let’s say you’re bluffing the river this time, and you’re wondering how to determine the amount of times he has to fold to make your bet profitable, look no further!
Let’s say that we’re betting with a hand that, if we get called, we can never win, like a busted flush draw on the river. If we think that the opponent will fold enough times, we can make this bet.
The formula is: Breakeven Fold Equity = (your bet) divided by (the sum of your bet and the pot size).
Thinking about this, it becomes quite logical that if you bet full pot, you need him to fold 50% of the time, because 1/(1+1) = 1/2 = 50%. Some other frequencies that are good to remember are:- 1/3 Pot = 25%
- 1/2 Pot = 33%
2/3 Pot = 40%- 3/4 Pot = 42%
- 4/5 Pot = 44%
- 1.5x Pot = 60%
- 2x Pot = 66%
- 3x Pot = 75%.
It’s rumored that a certain player named Isildur1 has used the latter numbers to his complete advantage! What if you thought about that first? You’d be probably playing the higher stakes. So now, having showed you how cool this math stuff is, let me show you how to apply it.
Pre-flop actions
First of all, let’s get into notice some flop hitting probabilities:
- A pair – 29%
- Two Pairs – 2%
- A Set (when holding a pocket pair) – 12%
- Trips – 1.35%
- A Full house – 0.09%
- Four of a Kind – 0.01%
- A pair or better - 32%
- A flush holding 2 suited cards – 0.84%
- A flush draw holding 2 suited cards – 11%
- A straight with suited non-gapped connectors – 1.31%
- An open-ended straight draw with non-gapped – 10.5%
- A straight with one-gapers – 0.98%
- An OESD with one-gapers – 8.08%
- A straight with two-gapers – 0.65%
- An OESD with two-gapers – 5.2%
- A gutshot (suited connectors) – 16.6%
- Any unsuited hand flopping 2p+ - 3.45%
- Any suited hand flopping 2p+/flush – 4.29%
- Suited connectors flopping 2p+/straight/flush – 5.59%
Having known all these, we are now inclined to play a more calculated game pre-flop. Although the reason for calling a raise pre-flop should not be pure mathematical, sometimes it does help to know how often you’ll flop an OESD + FD + pair or better with suited connectors, which is close to 50%.
I don’t like playing small suited connectors in multi-way pots, because usually you get dominated by higher flushes and you get the dummy end of a straight. They also aren’t that great to 3-bet against a raiser because they don’t have blockers, so what are we supposed to do with them when we’re not stealing blinds?Well, let’s say that the EP raiser is opening a wide array of hands, like 14% and there’s also a caller, so we’re thinking with 56s in the BTN. This is a perfect spot to do the squeeze play, because 1) you’re getting a massive amount of folds, and 2) When you get called you will flop a lot of strong draws that you can represent along with your pairs and 2p+.
